Nov 29, 2006

OUTLINE

I.  Manifest Destiny 
  A.  Pushing Native Americans out of the way 
    1.  The "Trail of Tears"
 
II.  European Imperialism 
 
III.  American imperialism 
  A.  Monroe Doctrine, 1823 
  B.  Spanish American War, 1898 
  C.  Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 
  D.  Rejection of imperialism 
 
IV.  The American Role in the World:  Making the 
  World Safe for Democracy 
  A.  World War II 
    1.  Contrary strains:  Isolationism vs Moral 
   leadership 
 
V.  America in the world today 
  A.  The challenge of Iraq

LECTURE NOTES

American Exceptionalism

:Does america have a unique mission in the world?

Contradictory strains

:Isolationism and Moral Leadership

George Washington on America's role in the world
-why mess up our peace and prosperity in the issues of europe
-strong voice for isolationism
-washington recognized america did not have the strength to fight in a european war
-don't get involved in foreign leadership

Thomas Jefferson on America's role in the world
-"The last hope of human liberty rests on us"
-reference to the american experiment on freedom
-be a light to the world- moral leadership
-jefferson loved france due to timing of french revolution

Manifest Destiny
-Pushing native americans out of the way
-the "trail of tears", 1830s
-americans feel that their future was to spread across width of the continent
-america grew rapidly in the 19th century
-new states didn't come in as colonies, but came in on equal terms with other states

"American Progress" John Gast [picture]
-a woman is america's destiny, westward
-leads way for pioneers, stages coaches, railroads follow her

Native americans during 1830s
-underwent indian removal under Andrew Jackson
-they believed indians could not co-exist

Cherokees
-adopted slavery
-adopted alphabet
-adopted a constitution

Americans still insisted the native americans (indians) were barbarians and uncivilized

Supreme Court ordered Cherokees to stay in Georgia
-Andrew Jackson defied it, and moved the cherokees onto native indian reservations

European Imperialism
-picture [in slides] depicts the britain, russia, france, germany, japan carving up of china
-carved up to (spheres of influence for favorable trade)

In response to european imperialism they do their own... american imperialism
-usa overthrows hawaii's government
-usa builds up a navy

[picture] england takes a bite out of africa

American Imperialism [move from isolationism to imperialism]
-The Monroe Doctrine 1823
--Western hemisphere closed to european colonization
-The Spanish American War 1898
--a ship blew up in cuba, blamed Spain
--beat them
--established america as a world power
-Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
--"Chronic, wrongdoing, or and impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may . . . require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly . . . to the exercise of an international police power."
--he is saying when latin american countries are in chaos, it can threaten the stability of the region, then can threaten us trade interests, the usa has the right to step in a fix things

a cartoon says imperialism is contrary to the principles on which the usa was founded

Rejecting Imperialism
-Woodrow Wilson: entered world war I
--did so because "Making the world safe for democracy"
-Franklin D. Roosevelt: The "Four Freedoms"

The American Role in the World
-making the world safe for democracy

World War II
-Isolationism or moral leadership?
--Charles Lindberg spent time in germany
--he saw germany was very strong
--he felt america was not prepared to fight the germans
--he started speaking out for isolationism

Charles Lindberg-Audio Clip
-destination of country does not call for involvement in european wars
-only enter a war if it is absolutely essential to the welfare of your nation

Attack on Pearl Harbor forced America into the 2nd war
-FDR jumped into the war
-justified involvement in the war using "Moral Leadership"

FDR, State of the union address Jan 6, 1941
"In the future days which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression --everywhere in the world.The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way--everywhere in the world."

FDR's 4 freedoms:
Freedom of Speech
Freedom to Worship
Freedom from want [see slides]
Freedom from Fear

Fighting for an Ideal, not an empire
-FDR says if you are fighting for freedom we will support you

Gordon B. Hinckley on America's role in the world

"Out of all the terrible sacrifices of the First World War and the Second World War, and subsequent wars, this nation has not reached out for territory to hold, but has been magnanimous in assisting those who have been impoverished by the costs of conflict. What other nation on the face of the earth has done what the American people did under the Marshall plan for the rehabilitation of Europe."

"We have reached out and paid a terrible price to help those of other nations. The world is so much the better, I firmly believe, for the presence of the United States of America."

America in the World Today
-The challenge of Iraq

Moral leadership?

MEDIA CLIP: torture
-Bush says we do not torture
-McCain puts a law banning torture for all american agencies
-Bush says he will veto any law saying "no torture" that does exempt the CIA (allowing the CIA to torture)

McCain on torture
"What I do mourn is what we lose when by official policy or official neglect we allow, confuse or encourage our soldiers to forget that best sense of ourselves, that which is our greatest strength--that we are different and better than our enemies, that we fight for an idea, not a tribe, not a land, not a king, not a twisted interpretation of an ancient religion, but for an idea that all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with inalienable rights."
-Senator John McCain, Newsweek, Nov 21. 2005

Self-interest or Virtue?
-Should the USA have gone into the war or not
-was their selfish reasons for getting into the war

MEDIA CLIP: bill o'reilly vs michael moore
-moore says bush lied
-o'reilly says imperfect information
-controversy over why did we get into the iraq war

The necessity of a virtuous citizenry
"We have to keep winning the peace in every generation by emphasizing over and over the fundamental need for virtue in the human heart"- Jeffery Holland

Nov 27, 2006

OUTLINE

Commerce and American Society 
Part II 
 
I.  FDR’s "New Deal" 
  A.  Tools: 
    1.  Experts:  the "Brain Trust" 
    2.  Bold experimentation    
    3.  Leadership 
 
II.  New Deal Approaches 
  1.  The Visible Hand:  Cartels 
  2.  Keynesian Economics 
  3.  New Deal Work Programs 
  4.  New Deal Economic Regulations 
 
III.  The Success of the New Deal 
  1.  Short-term 
  2.  Long-term 
 
III.  The Impact of the New Deal 
 
IV.  Free Market or Government Intervention?

LECTURE NOTES

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington will be shown Wednesday and Thursday, November 29th and 30th at 5:00 and 7:30 pm in the JSB Auditorium. On Thursday, there will be a 6:45 am showing in the JSB Auditorium.

Midterm #2 Exams are available for review in the Review Room (173a SWKT) now. They will be available November 27-December 1.

Paper #2 is due in Labs this week.
------

MEDIA CLIP: 1930s LDS welfare program
-mormon leaders are startled to find out that people would rather take a check from the government than work
-church institutes welfare program
-puts 20,000 people to work and takes them off of government help

FDR had a number of tools he used to attack the great depression
-Leadership, magnetic personality, used it to comfort and guide the people
-he was the only president elected to 4 terms
-he used fireside chats to reach out to people through radio
-he was very popular

MEDIA CLIP: FDR wins another election
-FDR was a popular man because he helped people find work
-he change the american political landscape
-FDR was a member of the democratic party
-song "we've got money in our hands"

prohibition got repealed under roosevelt
FDR used experts (science could solve the problems of america)

FDR's "New Deal"
Tools:
-Experts:The "Brain Trust"
-Bold experimentation
-try anything that works

New Deal Approaches
-The Visible Hands: Cartels (cartel another name for a monopoly)
--National Recovery Act (NCA)
--Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

They said to some of the businesses, collude with other businesses to create jobs
but the business leaders served their own self interests, the NCA was really a failure

AAA set minimum prices for crops, quotas etc. the AAA was more successful than the NRA

more family farmers were prevented from going out of business

9 members of the supreme court were against most of these changes
FDR reacted with a court packing bill
-increase size of supreme court to 15
-the bill failed

The supreme court started to allow some of the his "New Deal" bills
"The shift in time that saved 9"

-Keynesian Economics (John Maynard Keynes)
--keynes looked at recessions
--maybe we need to prime the pump (jumpstart the economy)
--maybe the government should inject money into the economy and get people buying again (deficit spending)
--build up a budget surplus during times of economic growth
--deficit spending during crisis

MEDIA CLIP: Brain Trust
-Washington filled with experts
-statisticians, college professors, psychologists, socialogists, mathematicians
-the country wants bold persisent experimentation so the country will get it
-many people started working for the government building bridges etc
-CCC Civilian Conservation Cores puts them in government camps where there is plenty to do

New Deal Work Programs
-CCC Civilian Conservation Cores
-FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration
-Public Works Administration (PWA)
-Works Progress Administration (WPA)

These aren't government handouts, these are government created jobs

Ogden High School, built by WPA workers (make-work project)

unemployed novelists, historians employed by government to interview former slaves

New Deal Economic Regulations
------
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
-Regulate Stock Market
-in response to stock market crash 1929
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
-Mediate between workers and business
-in response to violent strikes
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC)
-Guarantee Bank deposits
-in response to many banks closing
Fair Labor Standards Act
-set minimum wage
Social Security
-unemployment insurance, retirement benefits

The Success of the New Deal
-------
-Short term relief (especially after start of WWII)
-Long term protections/programs
--Social Security
--SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)
---9/11 SEC shut down stock market for a week

Impact of the New Deal
----------------------
Increase in government spending
Reliance on deficit spending
Growth of dependency, sense of entitlement, "rights talk"

Federal Budget as a % of Gross National Product GNP

Progressive Era
1880 3%
1910 6%

New Deal Era
1929 11%
1939 22%

Civil rights era to present
1960 28%
1980 33%

Free Markets vs Government Intervention
-The problem of the flat world

Free Market- pure adam smith
Government intervention- government sets quotas etc

MEDIA CLIP: Private vs public housing
-the government wants to help people, always have good intentions
-spending billions on public housing, broken elevators, rundown houses, no security no locks
-governments keep spending money on public housing but the housing was in crappy
-public housing often in high crime areas
-gives a case study of westchester heights (government owned then became private owned)

why are the apartments cleaner and safer
-business owners realize customers won't pay rent unless they get what they pay for
-virtue vs interest

free markets reward innovation and specialization
in a controlled economy the regulations tend to stifle innovation

controlled economies have their appeal- the great depression
-gives people a sense of safety

The problem with markets
-Amoral; the market rewards productivity and nothing else
--markets work according to interest of buyers and sellers
--they don't think about things like who needs it most etc.
--the example of walmart
---an extremely efficient organization
---walmart an extremely controversial issue

-price is set by demand, the market is efficient
-both demanders and suppliers get what they want

MEDIA CLIP: Jib Jab: Big Boxmart [view clip here]
-what is wrong with walmart?
-sweatshops overseas because they have to make their products to cheap enough to sell at walmart
-"we used to be your customers now we're your employees"
-"your everyday low prices have a price, they aren't free"

what does this jib jab clip say is wrong with walmart
-outsourcing american jobs overseas, american laborers cannot compete at the same wages
-exploit their market power, acting like a monopoly, setting prices for suppliers
-destroys mom and pop shops, and then they go and work at walmart, doesn't add jobs it exchanges jobs
-clip makes fun of consumerism in america, americans buy all their crap
-quality of products everywhere get lower so prices get lower so they can compete with walmart

MEDIA CLIP: candy company that went out of business
-a woman lost her job at the Lifesavers candy plant
-kraft closes her plant, her job moves to canada
-kraft cited the high price of sugar as a reason to move
-kraft can save $90 million opening a plant in canada
-us sugar twice as expensive as foreign sugar
-NAFTA makes it easier to open plants in mexico or canada

Thomas Friedman wrote a book, the world is flat, students encouraged to read it, apparently its very relevant

Nov 20, 2006

OUTLINE

Commerce and American Society 
 
Part I 
 
I.  Free Market vs Government Planning 
  A. Requirements for democratic society: 
    1. Narrow gap between rich and poor 
    2. adequate housing, food, health care for the poor  
    3. sense of equal opportunity to succeed for all   
  B. Necessary condition:  economic growth. 
 
II.  Testing the Market System:  The Great Depression 
  A.  Cause? 
  B.  Consequences: 
    1. Severe economic hardship 
    2. Political upheaval 
 
III. Seeking solutions

LECTURE NOTES

Announcements:
*Monday, November 20
*There will be no class on November 22 due to the Thanksgiving Holiday.
*There will also be NO LABS this week.
*The Review room will be closed November 20-24
*Students will be able to see their tests November 27-December 1 in the Review Room (173A SWKT).
*Paper #2 will be due Nov 30/Dec 1.
------------------------

Commerce and American Society
Part I

Free Market vs Government Planning: The Depression and new Deal as test cases
-requirements for democratic society:
--narrow gap between rich and poor
--adequate housing, food and health care for the poor
--a sense of equal opportunity for all
-necessary condition: economic growth

The Gilded Age
-Huge gap between rich and poor:
--0.1% of Americans earned as much total income as 42%

The American Dream: Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger
-Joe the Hotel Boy, or Winning Out By Pluck
--Raise by a hermit poor pennsylvania boy Joe Bodley goes out into world and finds work, first at a local hotel, then becomes and executive at a large Chicago hotel.

MEDIA CLIP: Megasuccessful guy
-chris gardner a guy living in a homeless shelter
-rev. cecil williams ran the homeless shelter
-chris went rags to riches, he bought the ferrari
-he had the ability to work hard and make it happen
-determination
-they are making a movie about him that just came out called The pursuit of happiness starring will smith

faced smarts, hard work, determination, enabled this man to live out the rags to riches dream
the depression brought that dream into question, could people rise beyond this incredible recession


Testing the Market System: The Great Depression
-Possible causes of recession: Shocks to the Market System
--overspending
--drought
--wealth gap
--burst of stock bubble (crash of 1929)

multiple factors caused the depression, its never just 1 thing (depression was nearly 1 decade long)

Consequence of the Great Depression
-Severe Economic Hardship

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
1. 5000 Banks Failed
-people demanded their money back from the banks
2. 25% Unemployment (50% for African Americans: "Last hired, first fired")
-extremely high unemployment
3. Stocks lost 75% of their value
4. Over 1 million people lost their homes

MEDIA CLIP: The Great Depression
-think of the experiences of your parents, grandparents
-something went wrong in the 1930s like a punishment or plague
-turn to families friends and kindness of strangers
-no idea when it would end
-many were being evicted
-private charity overwhelmed
-entire farm economy approached collapse
-800 banks failed in 1931
-no federal safety-net
-america was the only major country without a system of social security
-american communist party gained national recognition

-Is america doing enough?
-social security was instituted after the depression
-people became very frugal developing habits that would see them through
-many people had extremely frugal habits, some of your parents or grandparents were all in it
-today we live in a disposable era

Dorothy Lange photographs of the Great Depression
[see slides for artwork]
Maynard Dixon, "Keep Moving," 1934 BYU Museum of Art
Maynard Dixon, "Scab," 1934 BYU Museum of Art
Maynard Dixon, "Picket," 1934 BYU Museum of Art
Maynard Dixon, "Law and Disorder," 1934 BYU Museum of Art
Maynard Dixon, "Forgotten Man," 1934 BYU Museum of Art
Maynard Dixon, "No Place to Go," 1935 BYU Museum of Art
Maynard Dixon, "Roadside," 1938 BYU Museum of Art

There were a lot of issues that made it so the country could not just come out of the depression
One of the reason was severe Drought

Once people stopped farming, due to drought, the roots died and there was nothing to hold the soil down to the ground, so dirt blew everywhere

MEDIA CLIP: dust storms in 30s (dust bowl)
-the winds carried rain then dust that wiped out families, homes, farms
-some people became alcoholics
-hundreds of thousands fled
-there was very little help for people
-the federal government made several mistakes in the 30s
-they assumed the california could handle the immigration to california
-CA was overwhelmed by the introduction of 100s of thousands of poor people into these communities
-it setup longstanding hostilities between migrants and longterm residents
-it is like Texas (hurrican katrina) which was already overburdened

There were some soldiers that served in world war I

MEDIA CLIP:
-spring of 1932 an army of WWI veterans moved on Washington (capital)
-their goal was to claim a bonus for their military service (promised for 1945)
-the veterans kept coming
-the veterans planned to stay in the capital until their bonus became law
-they lived in washington in abandoned buildings, they moved them anacostia where they could close off
-jun 15th the house of representatives passed the bonus bill in the house
-then the senate voted to kill the bill
-the veterans were determined to force the senate to change
-there were 20,000 veterans by now, and 2 months
-the veterans mounted a final protest (a death march)
-congress adjourned without reconsidering the bill
-congress left through underground tunnels
-police ordered to evict the veterans
-then the police opened fire
-army troops in position to clear the area (force
-general macarthur decided to clear the entire city with his armies (instead of just the govt building areas)
-by midnight, anacostia was burning

There was a sense that the government was uncaring, that they didn't do enough

Drought and Dust Storms
-75% of country impacted by drought in 1934
-27 states severly affected
-dust storms widespread >"Dust bowl" - "Black Blizzard" of April 1935

[see slides for photographs]

Consequences of the Great Depression

Political Upheaval

hoover always kept saying: prosperity is just around the corner

Election of 1932: Roosevelt defeats Hoover
-roosevelt faced a daunting challenge, USA was in a disaster of unprecedented
-private charities overwhelmed
-what the government did to try to help didn't work
-he setup a number of agencies called the New Deal (we'll talk about it next lecture)

Political Impact of the Great Depression
1928          | Democrat |  Republican
Popular Vote  | 15 mill  |  21 million
Electoral Vote| 87 mill  |  444 million
Senate        | 39 mill  |  56 million
House         | 167mill  |  267 million

1937          | Democrat |  Republican
Popular Vote  | 23 mill  |  21 million
Electoral Vote| 472 mill |  59 million
Senate        | 60 mill  |  35 million
House         | 310 mill | 117 million

Seeking Solutions
The "New Deal"

Thanksgiving an American Tradition

Nov 15, 2006

OUTLINE

Fighting the Machine 
 
I. Preying on the Poor 
  A.  The Political Machine 
    1.  Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall 
  B.  The Business Machine 
    1.  From paternal model to impersonal model 
  C.  Lack of business regulation 
 
II.  The Progressive Impulse 
 A.  Populism 
 B.  Progressivism 
  C.  Theodore Roosevelt, Progressive 
 
III.  Progressive reform 
  A.  Private reform 
    1.  Social activism 
    2.  Labor unions 
  B.  Economic reform 
  C.  Government reform

LECTURE NOTES

Preying on the Poor

The Political Machine
-Corruption
Preying on the Poor
Political "bosses"(Boss Tweed)

One of the biggest problems in this time period was immigration
we will look at three things

MEDIA CLIP: Tammany Hall- a new political organization
-impact on immigrants and other citizens
-Tammany Hall would reach out to new immigrants
-Tammany provided help
--not being able to pay rent
--looking for job
--husband just died
-nothing as famous as tammany hall, leader named Boss Tweed
-superb politician
-shelters for poor, orphanages, etc
-he got people to vote them back into power
-took money from government projects

Boss Tweed gathered political power
-he provided his constituents with needs
-it came at a price, whenever election came around
-and they made sure people voted tweed into power
-it was a corrupt system, sometimes used violence
-he milked 2 billion dollars out of business projects and out of new york citizens

MEDIA CLIP: American tale
-cartoon, a fat mouse he visited a funeral dead mouse
-he wrote down the name of a dead mouse in his election book

The Poor were Exploited
-sweat shops- horrible working conditions in factories, long hours, low wages, dirty
-home work- when you went home from the factory, the boss gave you work to do at home after a 10 hour shift

The Business Machine
-Trusts crushed competition
-Exploitation of immigrants
--sweat shops
--"Home work"

MEDIA CLIP: How factories were run in the progressive era (gilded age)
-the dark side- steel workers worked 12 hours/day
-miners had it worse than steel workers, with explosives and no safety regulations
-when a worker lost an arm he would receive no compensation
-this is now called waged slavery
-new freedom movement rose, called the freedom movement

Some of the people depicted in this clip were children.

There was a big push against it because children were made to work long hours.

MEDIA CLIP: American tale again
-child labor
-mouse looks for his family
-gets put into a sweatshop

Lack of Business Regulation
-No child labor laws
-No worker safety laws
-No Maximum hours


The Progressive Impulse

Populism
-Direction:
--Backward looking, fear and rejection of the present rural
-Manifestation
--Scopes Trial
-Leaders
--William Jennings Bryan

populism- a people movement
-comes in the late 19th century
-backwards looking, a reactive movement
-didn't like new industrial world
-wanted to return to agricultural world
-based in rural areas

one manifestation of populism is called the scopes trial
-a teacher decided to teach evolution in his school
-this was a time of rapid educational change as well
-darwin and froid were making waves with new strange ideas
-that were frightening to a lot of people
-rejection of darwin- backward looking

William jennings bryan was a leader of this movement
-in favor of a silver standard
-he ran for president, but didn't win
-when he lost the populist movement fell apart

Progressivism
-Direction:
--Forward-looking- believed man and science could make world better; urban
-Manifestation
--Social Darwinism: cult of the expert; growth of social programs; govt. regulation
-Leaders
--Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, FDR

Progressivism
-competed with populism, and took its place
-believed mankind could discover truth for himself
-man in partnership with science could create a much better world
-take on challenges, harness technology for benefit of world
-urban based

manifestation
-social darwinism, evolution, but also social evolution
-societies change, they couldn't stop society changing but could
-channel it into positive ways

roosevelt-republican (?)
fDR-democrat (?)


Theodore Roosevelt = TR = teddy roosevelt
-President, 1901-1909 (youngest at 43)
-he was vice president to william mckinley (president)
-but mckinley was killed, so he became president
-Presidential candidate on progressive ticket 1912 (lost)

TR: "Trust-buster"
-He combatted corruption (like a railroad train)
-the southern pacific railroad held too much power

TR (teddy roosevelt)
-he was a conservationist, preserved 230 million acres of land during presidency
-Created 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, 150 national forests, 51 national bird reserves

TR and the "strenuous life"
-led a life of non-stop action

TR visited south america
-wanted to explore and map the a river
-brought his son hermet, went with father on the trip 20 others went
-encountered things in the amazon basin
-pyranas, malaria, snakes
-covered 1500 miles, some people died, another went crazy
-roosevelt lost 57 lbs, almost died
-brought back hundreds of specimens

Some of the ways progressives approached reform:
private reform
-social activism
--journalists: jacob riis, lewis hine, ida tarbell (newspaper series on Standard Oil)
---they published book advertising these conditions to america, and show abused of standard oil-
---published living conditions
--writers: upton sinclair (the jungle), frank norris (the octopus)

work of riis and hine
riis: [see slides]
-Dens of death
-A flat in the paupers' barret
-it costs a dollar a month to sleep in these sheds
-7 cent/night lodging house
-sweat shop
-cigarmakers...

hine: [see slides] knowledge of vanquish evil
-rookeries
-homework
-spinning room
-cotton mill
-cotton mill worker
-knitting mills
-lost arm
-child picking potatoes
-boy picking cotton
-shrimp cannery
-shucking oysters
-newsies

Progressive reform
-labor unions

MEDIA CLIP: Hay market strike
-created labor unions
-most peaceful, some used violence
-August Spies, a violent labor union demonstrator
-police fired and killed 4 workers
-spies compared the revolution to the american revolution
-called for people to arms to fight back
-he rallied more than 3000 workers that day
-380 policemen in the square
-someone threw a bomb at the police
-police started shooting at crowd
-violence at haymarket turn nation against freedom fighters
-Nov 1911, august spees and 3 others were hanged

this is an example of someone using the declaration of independence to promote rights
-you'll see this over again, womens rights, etc, use it to justify their movement

Ludlow massacre April 20, 1914
-Culmination of Colorado Coal strike, Sept 1913-April 1914
-mines were unsafe, miners had gone on strike
-national guard got called out, surrounded workers, violence broke out
-20 killed including 2 women and 11 children
-cause public outcry

Fear of corrupt- foreign influences
-he attended the world fair leon killed mckinley
-Assassination of william mckinley by anarchist Leon Czolgosz, 1901
-anarchists say all kings, presidents, popes leaders should be put to death

Economic Reform
Sherman anti-trust act, 1890
-illegal to conspire to restrain trade
-targets monopolies
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
-regulation of railroads, public utilities
-targets business that had monopolies
Federal Reserve System ("the Fed")
-Board of governors, regional reserve banks
Food and Drug Administration(FDA)
State-level regulations
-Maximum work hours
-Workers compensation laws
-labor safety regulations
-compulsory education for children aged 14 or 16
--designed to pull kids from factories put them in schools

at first the supreme court protected the rights of businesses too much, but then they changed because enough evidence was show women who worked too hard became unhealthy couldn't bear children very well

Governmental Reform
-Efforts to return power to the people, bypass political system corrupted by private power
--referendums, recalls, initiatives
-Direct income tax (Amendment XVI)
--Graduated tax allowed redistribution of wealth
---this means that reach people pay more tax than poor people
--taxation funded social programs
-Direct election of senators (Amendment XVII)

Results
-improved working conditions
-breakup of monopolies
-growth of government-funded social programs
-expansion in size and scale of government
--1/800 federal employees in 1870
--1/200 federal employees in 1927

Nov 13, 2006

OUTLINE

The Challenge of Change 
 
I.  The central principles of the founding:  
  A.  Create a 'good society' that benefits all 
  B.  Implement ideals of the Dec. of Independence 
  C.  Design govt to maximize individual freedom,  
      minimize tyranny and anarchy 
  D.  Develop a political economy that provides individual 
      opportunity and general prosperity 
  E.  Establish justice 
 
II.  Jefferson’s World vs Hamilton’s World 
  A.  Shift from rural to urban by 1920 
  B.  American industrialization  
 
III.  Market Weaknesses in a Changing World 
  A.  Imperfect Information 
  B.  Externalities 
  C.  Public Goods 
  D.  Monopoly Power 
  E.  Economic Instability 
  F.  Economic Injustice 
 
IV.  The Rich 
  A.  System greases the skids 
    1.  No income tax 
    2.  Pro-business supreme court 
  B.  Robber Barons 
 
V.  And the Poor 
  A.  Immigration

LECTURE NOTES

Central Principles of the Founding


Create a "good society" that benefits all, not just a few
Implement ideals of the Declaration of Independence: all equal, with same rights, all consent to government
Design a government to maximize individual freedom, minimize tyranny and anarchy
Develop a political economy that provides individual opportunity and general prosperity
Establish Justice

The founders felt there should be large gaps between rich and poor

[previous]

We will be talking about these principles for the rest of the semester

There were 2 different visions of the USA

Jefferson's Vision vs Hamilton's Vision

Jefferson
-agricultural
-independent yeoman farmer
-no masters

Hamilton
-model after great european countries
-great art
-large banks

Deep Change
-by 1920 more people lived in urban places than rural (agricultural places)
-results of rapid industrialization
-population growth
-immigration
-improved life expectancy
-growing consumer expenses

MEDIA CLIP: dawn of 1920s
-entering a new era
-after WWI an eagerness to embrace the new
-Number of millionaires jumped 400% in the 1920s
-America was electrified (to cities) with electric power
-Strong economic growth
-Cars, radios, bridges, roads linking country
-Swinging 20s

Adam Smith believed in a simple market economy with minimal government intervention

In the 1920s in the USA, there was a market weakness called in economics 'imperfect information', and there was a lot of fraud that hurt consumers,

Market Weaknesses in a Changing World
-Imperfect Information
--Growth in market complexity made many of its processes less visible to individuals, increased opportunities for deceit, fraud

MEDIA CLIP: "Don't judge too quickly"
-you can't always trust what you see
-Cat, Sauce, and knife on ground

laws of supply and demand are too simple (farm economy, barter economy)
as the market grew fraud was rampant

in a larger economy there is more than just the buyer and the seller, there are externalities (sometimes harmful)

Market Weaknesses in a Changing World
-Externalities
--Market exchange benefited buyer and seller (A and B), but could also affect third parties (C) in harmful ways
-Public Goods
--Some things benefit those who don't pay for them (free riders). Hence, there is no market for them, and no market signals to indicate how much is needed.


MEDIA CLIP: smokers
-how a 3rd party can be affected by an exchange between a buyer and a seller

Market Weaknesses in a Changing World
Monopoly Power
-The ability of powerful businesses to drive out competition; and the temptation for businesses to collude to limit production, raise prices ("cartels")

MEDIA CLIP: Microsoft
-Microsoft faces anti-trust allegations for its monopoly of the windows operating system
-Bill Gates

Gates was the subject of a lot of negative attention for monopolistic activities in the 90s

Walmart now gets a lot of negative attention for monopolistic activities

Market Weaknesses in a Changing World
Economic Instability
-A side effect of market mechanisms
--Inflation: Rising prices, excessive money in circulation
--Recession: 2 consecutive quarters of decline in gross domestic product (GDP)

MEDIA CLIP: Denver, Colorado in recession
-Recession started in 2001
-1200 layoffs
-denver depends on tourism, but lost 2 billion dollars due to fires
-Denver's budget is funded by sales tax

Market Weaknesses in a Changing World
Economic Injustice
-Unequal distribution of wealth (gap between rich and poor)

MEDIA CLIP: Alex Rodriguez coming to New York
-3 sports players at NY combine for $40 million
-supply of pitchers who can pitch like alex rodriguez are few so they can demand large salaries

There was no income tax in the first part of "the Gilded Age" (rich age, 1920s) so rich people didn't have to give back

At the time the supreme court was pro-business
At the time the supreme court used a due process clause to protect businesses by equating businesses to people

MEDIA CLIP: Vanderbilt family in North Carolina
-Rich woman in the 1920s feed expensive food for their dogs
-before 1913 there was no income tax
-the rich had cash to spare
-if you have it, flaunt it
-Average millionaire had 40 servants
-Vanderbilt is the most expensive house in the USA
-most people worked 10 hours a day, 6 days a week

The Gilded Age really defines conspicuous consumption. Some of the leading rich people in the Gilded age were often called Robber Barons,
-JP Morgan
-Andrew Carnegie
-John D. Rockefeller
-Leland Stanford
Problems:
-Trust crushed competition
-Too much political influence

These businessmen had too much power, they even bossed the government around and crushed competitors
Some political cartoons showed how the rich people were turning into the lords and barons of the 18th century

This was an era of great immigration coming from european countries.

America's contradictory response to immigration
-Pro: Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus"
-Con: "No Irish Need Apply"

MEDIA CLIP: American tale (cartoon)
-depicts american immigration during this period
-there are no cats in america (not bad things)

MIDTERM 2: Stuff to know

Apparently if you go to the review room the week BEFORE the exam they give you a nice sheet of paper with all the good stuff to study, for the exam. I met someone who had one of these.... lucky them. And lucky you too, if you go to the review room the week before the the next exam.

My unofficial study guide

Purpose of the constitution:
to make a stronger federal government
establish justice
secure blessings of liberty

2 important issues
-representation and slavery

virginia plan
new jersey plan

federalist 10- factions
federalist 51- checks and balances
thoughts on government-separation of powers
washington's farewell address- beware of a political party system
madison- architect of the constitution
- a well read virginian
gettysburg- 4 score and 7 years ago... dedicating ground of the battelfield as a final resting place for those who had fallen
lincoln first inaugural address-
-no state has the right to secede from the union
lincoln second inaugural address-
-both sides thought they could win easily
-let us finish the work we are in (finish the war?)

Constitution
Article 1- Legislative Powers
Article 2- Executive Powers
Article 3- Judiciary Powers

Federalists vs Republicans

Federalists
-John Adams
-Alexander Hamilton
-strong government
- pro-britain

Republicans
-Thomas Jefferson
-James Madison
-constitution only
- pro-france

Filtered Democracy

Electoral Colleges

Majority vs Plurality

Chisolm vs Georgia
- shows the weakness in the court system
- state resists the power of the supreme court

Madison vs Marbury [know the story and consequences in detail]
- established the principle of judicial review
- judicial review, not part of constitution (but it is precedent)

3 oughts:
3 principles in the amendments that aren't concrete: (relate to the bill of rights)
-Liberty of conscience
-Freedom of expression
-The right of privacy

Bill of Rights:
Amendments 1-10

franchise amendments are amendments having to do with the right to vote

Amendments:
Amendment 11- states cannot be sued in federal court by a citizen of another state, without the state's consent.
(georgia vs chisholm)
Amendment 12- separates voting for president and vice president
Amendment 13- banned slavery
Amendment 14- no state shall enforce any law to curb rights of other citizens
or national laws that protect rights cannot be violated or changed by states laws
Amendment 15- former slaves get the right to vote

Amendment 17- direct election of senators

Amendment 19- women allowed to vote
Amendment 20- executive office starts in january (to shorten lame duck period)
Amendment 22- executive branch restricted to two terms only
Amendment 24- no poll tax for voting (how southern states went around 15th amendment)
Amendment 25- vice president can take over from president it president dies
Amendment 26- voting age changed to 18

Checks and Balances
-the way that the 3 branches interact with each other

--------------------[chart on page 111]--------------------
Legislative
vs Exec
Overrides vetoes
Impeachment
Approve/deny treaties & appointments
Sets up agencies and programs

vs Judicial
Impeach and remove judges
Determines number of supreme court justices
Approves, rejects presidential judicial appointments

Executive
vs Legislature
Vetoes legislation
Suggest legislation, state of the union
Calls for special sessions
Negotiates treaties

vs Judicial
Nominates judges
Pardons for federal offenses

Judicial
vs Legislature
Determines if a law is constitutional or not (Judicial Review)
Interprets laws and treaties
Impeachment

vs Executive
Declares acts of President constitutional or not (Judicial Review)
Interprets treaties
Reviews administrative agency cases
--------------------[end chart]--------------------

MIDTERM 2: PODCASTS

Podcasts or MP3s for lectures for Midterm 2:

Some of these are incomplete but thats okay, this is all we have.

DO NOT just click on these links. Doing so will have you listen to the mp3 in your browser. Instead do this:

To download these mp3s:
Right-click on the mouse button, select "Save Link As..." or "Save Target As...", save it to your hard drive and then view it.

November 8 Lecture

November 6 Lecture

November 1 Lecture

October 30 Lecture

October 25 Lecture

October 23 Lecture

October 18 Lecture

October 16 Lecture

MIDTERM 2: Details

Midterm #2 begins next week (Nov 13-16):
* Monday and Tuesday, FREE
* Wednesday $5 late fee
* Thursday, $7 late fee, Test in hand by 11 am!

approx 55 questions (worth 140 points)
60 points subjective(fill in the blanks, short answer, essay)

Material covered:
AFH chapters 6-9
James Madison textbook
Thoughts on Government
Federalist 10/51
Washington's Farewell Address
Lincoln's 1st and 2nd Inaugural address
Gettysburg Address
Constitution
-know article 1, 2, 3
-know bill of rights
-know some amendments

From Lecture
=Creating the constitution
=Ratification and Rights
=Politics as Usual
=A House divided

Lab
=Constitutional Structure
=Marbury v Madison
=Republicans v Federalists
=Civil War

Review Room closed all next week

MIDTERM 2: Media Clips

Now remember, the purpose of this is to remind a student who as already seen a media clip about the content. Obviously the explanation will not be good enough to replace seeing it.

November 8, 2006
AUDIO CLIP: Lincoln speech in philadelphia hall [Feb 22, 1861]
-some say my role is to draw peace into this distracted country
-those who fought for the declaration of independence fought for freedom
-what principle or ideal did they fight for? freedom and liberty for all men
-the government will only use force if force is used against it

MEDIA CLIP: A meeting held before the end of the civil war,
asking slave leader what he envisioned would happen during the aftermath of the war
-Frasier 'what did the war mean?'
- 'what the presence of black troops in the army meant?' etc

MEDIA CLIP: about the bitterness of the south
-the north (winners) rang the bells of churchs in towns
-some people of the south shot themselves after the surrender
-rather die than live in a country with the north (yankees)

MEDIA CLIP: From "O Brother Where Art Thou" movie
-Watching a meeting of the KKK
-Dressed in white robes,
-Protecting 'culture and heritage and religion and wives'
-like to hang/kill 100s of black people, to prevent transition
-KKK pretended to appeal to good values but achieved it by violence

MEDIA CLIP:
-not everyone in south completely opposed to transition
-wanted peaceful transition that lincoln called for
-a white man (Robert E. Lee) kneels next to the black man in church
-the white man made a public statement

November 6, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: jefferson and slavery
-Jefferson owned 200 slaves
-he describes himself as a father, slaves as his children [paternalism]
-1774 jefferson said:"slavery is an insult to the rights of human nature"
-he knew that end of the slade trade would collapse the economies of the southern states
-he never took a strong public stand against slavery in the usa

MEDIA CLIP: Amistad (recent movie)
-some slaves had staged a mutiny in the middle of the atlantic ocean
-they took over the ship and sailed it to freedom in connecticut
-court case, should they be free
-John Quincy Adams (former president of the usa) arguing the case

AUDIO CLIP: Lincoln inaugural address
-secession is not acceptable
-"The union of these states is perpetual"
-No federal government had a paragraph in their law to allow states to leave (constitution didn't allow for states to leave)
-In order to disolve the usa, shouldn't all the states agree to disolve, in order for the disolve the usa

MEDIA CLIP: on plantation slavery
-1800 there were 1 million black slaves in the south
-previous slavery was household slavery 1 or 2
-here it was plantation slavery 100s of slaves
-they had laws against teaching slaves to read and write
-conditions on the plantation were horrible
-the overseer always abused their slavers because there were so many slaves they could revolt unless there was a strong show of force
-some people couldn't care less about killing a dog or a slave

MEDIA CLIP: from movie Gettysburg
-images only, no sound
-shows civil war re-enacters
-guns had better accuracy than previous wars
-yet still lining up and marching (old tactics)
-gettysburg a place where there was a great battle

November 1, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: explains electoral college
-electoral college explained
-needed 270 electoral college votes to win in 2000
-it is possible for someone to win the popular vote but lose the electoral college vote
-if the electoral college ties, the congress (house of representatives) votes to break the tie

MEDIA CLIP: Parliamentary system in Israel
-tiny radical parties hold political sway

MEDIA CLIP: spoof, moving towards the middle
-SNL spoof, George W. Bush and father talking about how to dance over to the middle
-slip slide, avoid questions, sneaky, be vague

MEDIA CLIP: jibjab: bush vs Kerry [see it here]
-Bush portrays Kerry as extremist, and portrays self as middle of road guy
-Kerry portrays Bush as extremist, and portrays self as middle of road guy

October 30, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: differences between federalist party and democratic republican party
-sharp divisions between leadership in federal government
-emerged in 1790s
-constitution creates a set of ambiguous structures allowing people and parties to interpret them differently
-Hamilton wanted to make a government that replicated european empires
-Jefferson was opposed to this
-Hamilton wanted to make a national bank
-Without a bank you need to wait for taxes to be collected
-With a bank, you can use funds immediately to fight wars, run government

MEDIA CLIP:
-2nd President was John Adams
-first act was Alien and Sedition Bills, 1798
-People were outraged against Adams uses of powers, to extend powers of government
-people spoke out against government but were locked up (violation of constitution)
-they were restricting freedom of speech and the press (unconstitutional)
-Jefferson made 3rd president (1800) (called a revolution)

MEDIA CLIP: MSNBC Clip
-John Adams alien and seditions act (jailed americans for speaking out against government)
-Woodrow Wilson espionage act (jailed americans during WWI)
-Franklin D Roosevelt Executive Order 9966 (jailed japanese americans during WWII)
-some say George W Bush is also doing similar stuff with his anti-terror act

MEDIA CLIP: Newspapers
-A few newspapers wrote good things about Alexander Hamilton and his bank
-Thomas Jefferson hired a poet with Madison
-poet was to start a rival newspaper to criticize the Federalist party policies
-Federalist party
-launched personal attacks against jefferson,
-another wrote "top 20 things I hate about hamilton"
-Washington wrote both sides asking for ceasefire in war of words

October 25, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: "Imminent Domain" Ware, New Hampshire
The constitution allows someone the opportunity to seize private homes for public use: "Imminent Domain"
Public use: railroad, airport, roads
But some people are being asked to leave their homes for commercial projects

MEDIA CLIP: John Kerry vs Bush
-rights... constitution,
-rights... rights... rights...

MEDIA CLIP: American obesity
-do fast food makers have to pay for americans getting fat?

MEDIA CLIP: Consumerfreedom.com
-a man is fighting the obesity issue saying it is a person's own responsibility to decide what they eat

MEDIA CLIP: [hot coffee/mcdonalds story here]
-hot coffee from Mcdonalds burned her in her lap, she had to get skin grafts
-cyclist hit by a jeep when riding without lights is awarded 7 million

MEDIA CLIP: rights
-what happened to hard work, self-reliance, people cashing in with big cases
-people only care about rights, and not responsibilities anymore

MEDIA CLIP: shows students our age acting on the principle of responsibilities
-students doing community service
-more than 5000 students in universities are spending spring break doing community service
-Vanderbilt, students matching service opportunities with those willing to do service

October 23, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: James Madison
- a young sickly boy who liked to read
-11 french, latin, greek
- he made friends with madison
-in 1780 he was elected to the 2nd continental congress
-madison arrived at the constitutional convention 11 days early
-he had been doing his homework and a lot of preparation
-virginia plan the framework for the constitution

MEDIA CLIP: President authorized the NSA to spy on citizens without warrants
-the program of spying on citizens (including wiretaps) people are arguing it is important
-The patriot act

MEDIA CLIP: "A More Perfect Union"
-small republic vs large republic
-can we have this big republic?
-Madison makes the argument that a larger republic can safeguard against tyrannous factions

October 18, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: Gordon B. Hinckley says
"founding fathers were people who prayed to God, wanted to do his will"
They were raised up for this purpose. Risked their lives to do good.
There has not been before or since so large a group of talented and dedicated men to compare with the Founding Fathers.

MEDIA CLIP: from "a more perfect union"
-James Madison talking to George Washington at a table
-Washington: "We have achieved a great deal at this convention"
-Washington: "Now we need to compromise on the composition of the senate"
-Roger Sherman- may have the key in compromise

MEDIA CLIP: "Movie: 1776 A Musical"
-black slaves
-jefferson vs. [some guy]
-south carolina is a cherished way of life
-abolishing slavery destroys the economy of certain states/colonies that use black slaveries
-a lot of singing... about molasses, rum and slaves

MEDIA CLIP: Wells tried to force Helms (through extortion) to nominate Weld as an ambassador to Mexico
this is an example of checks and balances
the executive branch nominated an ambassador (weld)
the legislative branch did not approve the nomination (helms)

October 16, 2006
MEDIA CLIP: The Miracle in Philadelphia
-the first federal government (articles of confederation) congress was too weak and was going to fall
-james madison, ben franklin
-states have more power, or federal government have more power
-roger sherman came up with a compromise 2 houses of congress
(house of representatives [representation by population], and us senate [representation 2 per state])
-they wrote a constitution for the USA
-purpose- secure blessings of liberty for the 'people'

MEDIA CLIP: Dispute in Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
-not letting blacks into a school (state) vs allowing anyone in the school(federal)
-state govt calls in troops to enforce a policy which was against the federal government policy
-riotting.

MEDIA CLIP: whiskey rebellion, how did president george washington respond to it?
-this is different, you have representation
-they felt they were being unjustly oppressed with taxes
-George washington says, you need to obey the laws

MEDIA CLIP: Gilmore Girls
-"I found a dance partner" (24 hour dance marathon) get a nice trophy vs charity/virtue

Nov 10, 2006: Lab

Announcements

Midterm #2 begins next week:
* Monday and Tuesday, FREE
* Wednesday $5 late fee
* Thursday, $7 late fee, Test in hand by 11 am!

Costs of the Civil War
-Because they use traditional style warfare there is a lot of death
-620,000 dead (2% of entire population at the time)
- 50,000 lost at least one limb
- 25,000 killed at the battle at Shiloh
- More americans died in the american civil war than all other wars combined
(WWI + WWII + Korean War, Vietnam War, Desert Storm, Iraq war etc)

-10% of american males participate in the american civil war

Civil War- Split
        | United States of America | Confederate States
        |------------------------------------------------
Region  | North                    | South 
        |------------------------------------------------
Pop.    | 22 million               | 9 million (1/3 slaves)
        |------------------------------------------------
Milit.  | 1.5 enlistments          | 1 million enlistments
        | Poor military leadership | Good Generals   
        | Stronger Navy            | Stronger cavalry
        |------------------------------------------------
Indus-  | 97% of US firearms       | Agricultural: 
-trial  | 71% of US railroads      |         King Cotton
Capacity| produce 94% of US cloth  |
        | produce 90% of US shoes  |
        |------------------------------------------------
Govern- | Strong central government| Weak central gov't
-ment[*]| Lincoln's good leadership| Davis weak leadership
        | Ability to raise taxes   | states rejected taxes
        |------------------------------------------------
Ideology| Union                    | Individualism
     [*]| Sacrifice                | States' rights
        | Offensive                | Defend of family
        |                          | Defend way of life
        +------------------------------------------------

enlistment = members of army
[*]Know these for the test [above]

explanation:
South had more to lose, so more joined the army in the south
IE: There were more soldiers per capita in the south than the north

They fought for their way of life, and their economny, their families, it was a personal issue for the south

The south is very much for state's rights
The north's stronger navy, due to more industrialization (imports/exports)
The south has a stronger cavalry - more horses

Jefferson Davis the president of the confederate states
Confederate States- Have a government like the Articles of Confederation (after the declaration of independence, and before the Constitution)
Davis can't raise revenue, because he can't tax the south

War lasts 1861-1865
Offensive- the north attacks the south
South- feels like they are defending themselves

Liabilities(weaknesses) of the South :
-Undisciplined armies:
--widespread desertion
--excessive individualism
-Weak central government:
--confederacy unable to mobilize nation's resources
--states also refused to accept direct taxation
--money raised by loans which led to catastrophic inflation

State sovereignty:
The fact that they wouldn't come together and unite to fight, yet they were fighting for state rights

Nov 8, 2006

OUTLINE

A House Divided 
Day 2

I. Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865

II. Reconstruction, 1865-1877
  A. Lincoln's Plan
    1. Tools for Reconstruction
  B. Finishing the Founding
    1. Slavery
    2. Federalism
  C. Reconstruction after Lincoln: 
     Johnson vs. Radial Republicans
  
III. Southern Resistance to Reconstruction
  A. Black Codes
  B. The KKK
  C. "Redemption"

LECTURE NOTES

Abraham Lincoln 6 foot 4 inches tall
-raised in a Log Cabin
-ran against Stephen A Douglas for senate and lost
-later, ran against Stephen A Douglas for presidency and won

Mary Todd Lincoln (Abraham's wife)
Robert Todd Lincoln was their only son that lived to maturity
-their 3 other children died early
-this explains Lincoln's somber tone throughout his presidency
-opposed to slavery in the usa

One of his generals later ran against him for presidency (2nd one)
-George A. McClellan, a democrat
-lincoln one

[see slides for political cartoon portraying mcclellan's 'moderate view']
[this view was actually lincoln's view- union above all else]

Lincoln was assassinated

AUDIO CLIP: Lincoln speech in philadelphia hall [Feb 22, 1861]
-some say my role is to draw peace into this distracted country
-those who fought for the declaration of independence fought for freedom
-what principle or ideal did they fight for? freedom and liberty for all men
-the government will only use force if force is used against it

quite a moving speech, mentions that he may end up giving his life for the cause
emphasized the declaration of independence

Lincoln gave an emancipation proclamation (giving freedom to slaves)
[Anonymous blog reader says:
The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all those who were enslaved. If you actually read the document, you will see that it only intended to free those held captive in the Confederacy -- a policy the United States government could not (and did not) enforce.]
[thanks Anonymous!]

MEDIA CLIP: A meeting held before the end of the civil war,
asking slave leader what he envisioned would happen during the aftermath of the war
-Frasier 'what did the war mean?'
- 'what the presence of black troops in the army meant?' etc

:Freedom promised by the emancipation proclamation takes us from the yoke of bondage
-and then enjoy the fruits of our own labor
-we will need our own land to maintain ourselves
-we want to be placed on land, and to work on the land until we can buy
-you should protect our rights, and then leave us to be citizens

Locke- the right to life, liberty of property
-also means the right to enjoy the fruits of your property

Reconstruction 1865-1877
-putting the south and the north back together
-abraham wasn't around to put it back together

Lincoln- I hope there will be no bloody work after the war is over

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan-
-once the south agreed to the emancipation proclamation
-10 percent plan: when 10% of those voting in the 1860 election signed an oath of allegiance to the US and its laws
-full pardon and restoration of property
-purpose: get states back into the Union (USA) quickly, and keep federal intervention in south to a minimum

the south was bitter about the loss of the civil war
the south (pro-slavery, anti-lincoln, called confederacy, rebel)
the north (yankees, abolitionist, called the union, Abraham Lincoln)

MEDIA CLIP: about the bitterness of the south
-the north (winners) rang the bells of churchs in towns
-some people of the south shot themselves after the surrender
-rather die than live in a country with the north (yankees)

Lincoln also cared about how to bring the slaves into full citizenship in the new USA
-redistribution of land

General Sherman made Special Field Order #15
-every slave would get 40 acres of land and a mule
-this happened in a small basis, kind of an experiment

Freedman's Bureau, March 1865 (2nd attempt to try to integrate former slaves into country)
-Food, clothing, fuel provided to freedmen (former slaves)
-supervision of abandoned lands
-supervised provision for lease of lands, with option to buy

former laws against teaching slaves to read

Amendments about Slavery and Federalism
13th amendment 1865 (ratified 1865)- banned slavery (
14th amendment 1866 (ratified 1868)- no state shall enforce any law to curb rights of other citizens
or national laws that protect rights cannot be violated or changed by states laws
15th amendment 1870 (ratified 1870)- former slaves get the right to vote

South Carolina- one of few places with a Black Majority
-many african americans elected to legislature right away

Reconstruction after Lincoln:
Andrew Johnson (vice-president) became president after lincoln was killed
-born in a border state near the south, ran with lincoln to bring in the
-southern states

Johnson vs Radical Republicans
-Johnson wanted to punish southern aristocracy (traitors)
-favored a 50% plan no 10% (as above)
-Johnson was opposed to full political rights for freedman
-South resisted reconstruction

South fought reconstruction Black Codes
-restricted from working other than farming
-vagrancy (wandering around with nowhere to go) by involuntary labor, fines
-black/white intermarriage banned
-blacks barred from juries

South resisted through the KKK or Klu Klux Klan
-white supremesist organization
-KKK resisted through violence


MEDIA CLIP: From "O Brother Where Art Thou" movie
-Watching a meeting of the KKK
-Dressed in white robes,
-Protecting 'culture and heritage and religion and wives'
-like to hang/kill 100s of black people, to prevent transition
-KKK pretended to appeal to good values but achieved it by violence

MEDIA CLIP:
-not everyone in south completely opposed to transition
-wanted peaceful transition that lincoln called for
-a white man (Robert E. Lee) kneels next to the black man in church
-the white man made a public statement

Virtue and structure
virtue- some people started accepting black people as citizens
structure- new laws passed for equality for black people

Redemption completed by 1877
-the end of reconstruction
-as soon as the reconstruction ended, they stopped federal intervention, and pulled troops out of the south
-the south went back to the old ways where they discriminated against blacks and had no federal troops to prevent them

-Reconstruction helped create autonomous black family
-fostered network of religious and social institutions
-educational progress
-laid foundation for future civil rights action

Full citizenship for black people didn't happen until the civil rights movement almost 100 years later

Nov 6, 2006

Announcements

2nd Midterm
Monday to Thursday
Wednesday and Thurs are late days

OUTLINE

A House Divided 
Day 1 
 
I. Unfinished Business of the Founding 
 A. Slavery 
 B. Federalism 
    1. Do states have the right to secede? 
 
II. North vs South 
  A. Contrasting labor systems 
    1. Wage labor 
    2. Plantation slavery 
  B. Contrasting ideologies 
    1. Abolitionism vs Pro-slavery  
 
III. Moving toward Disunion 
  A. The Expansion of Slavery 
  B. John Brown 
  C. The Election of 1860 
 
IV. The Civil War, 1861-1865

LECTURE NOTES

We jump forward today to the 1860s, This is the Abraham Lincoln (president of the united states at the time)

Today we will discuss the civil war in the 1860s which came about because of 2 things left unresolved from the 1790s, slavery and federalism.

MEDIA CLIP: jefferson and slavery
-Jefferson owned 200 slaves
-he describes himself as a father, slaves as his children [paternalism]
-1774 jefferson said:"slavery is an insult to the rights of human nature"
-he knew that end of the slade trade would collapse the economies of the southern states
-he never took a strong public stand against slavery in the usa

MEDIA CLIP: Amistad (recent movie)
-some slaves had staged a mutiny in the middle of the atlantic ocean
-they took over the ship and sailed it to freedom in connecticut
-court case, should they be free
-John Quincy Adams (former president of the usa) arguing the case

Issue 2: Federalism
-do states have a right to secede (separate from the usa)

AUDIO CLIP: Lincoln inaugural address
-secession is not acceptable
-"The union of these states is perpetual"
-No federal government had a paragraph in their law to allow states to leave (constitution didn't allow for states to leave)
-In order to disolve the usa, shouldn't all the states agree to disolve, in order for the disolve the usa

A number of states (the south) left the USA in the 1860s over the issue of slavery, and started the 'confederacy'.

Jefferson Davis (president of the confederacy)
-thought that the government had fallen into the hands of a factional minority
-made their own country
-thinks they are just living up to the principles of the constitution and rights

The North and South had different labor system
North labor system
-shift to mass production
-huge influx of immigrant laborers

South labor system
-agricultural labor (heavy use of slavery)

MEDIA CLIP: on plantation slavery
-1800 there were 1 million black slaves in the south
-previous slavery was household slavery 1 or 2
-here it was plantation slavery 100s of slaves
-they had laws against teaching slaves to read and write
-conditions on the plantation were horrible
-the overseer always abused their slavers because there were so many slaves they could revolt unless there was a strong show of force
-some people couldn't care less about killing a dog or a slave

Paternalism
-some people thought that slavery was a beneficial institution
-they were treated like a part of the family
-assumes people enjoy being treated like an infant for their whole lives
-they felt northern wage slavery is a greater evil

"the negro slaves are the happiest and in some sense the freest people in the world" George Fitzburgh (because they thought the slaves were free of the troubles to worry about feeding themselves, etc)

Slavery expanded in the 1800s due to the industrial revolution, and the cotten gin
-Cotten Gin is a machine that cleans cotton, created large demand for cotton
-Without the cotton gin, it took a person 1 day to clean 5 pounds of cotton
-With the cotton gin, it took a person 1 day to clean 50 pounds of cotton

Missouri compromise 1820
-Each state was defined as a slave state, or a non-slave states
-Restricted slavery to the southern states only

The Compromise of 1850
-Allowed some slavery in new states as they joined the usa

The Kansas/Nebraska Act 1854
-Establish popular sovereignty
-Every state should have the right to decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery

The Dred Scot Case, 1857
-Declared Missouri compromise unconstitutional
-Supreme court was full of southerners
-a slave lived as a free man, moved back to the south and sued to get his freedom
-the slave (dred scot) lost

John Brown: Angel or Devil?
-He took over some military places owned my slaveowners in the south
-In the north, people thought he was a hero, was killed defending slaves
-He freed slaves, by force
-in the south they thought he was bad, a terrorist
-he was a martyr

Pottawatomie Massacre, May 24, 1856
Harper's Ferry Raid, Oct 16-18, 1859
Execution, Dec 1859

John Brown knew that be was being hung and we would become a martyr and that this would help

Election of 1860
-before Abraham Lincoln was even elected, the country has started falling apart

Civil War 1861-1865
-620,000 people died
-360,000 Union (north) soldiers, 35% of those who served died
-260,000 Confederate soldier, 61% of those who served
-Total = 8% of men ages 13-43

Cause of death
-Disease: 2/3 of army deaths from disease: typhoid, dysentry, pneumonia, scurvy
-Combat: clash of improved weaponry with old tactics

Gettysburg, a place where 50,000 people died

Both the north and south used black soldiers at some point in the war.

MEDIA CLIP: from movie Gettysburg
-images only, no sound
-shows civil war re-enacters
-guns had better accuracy than previous wars
-yet still lining up and marching (old tactics)

Nov 3, 2006: Lab

Announcements

If you want to go over the midterm, go to the review room.
talk to your TA

Electoral changes in the constitution since the founding

franchise = the right to vote

-franchise amendment (the right to vote)
-15th amendment 1860s: Removes Racial restrictions for voting
-17th amendment: Direct election of senators (instead of having state legislature choose them)
-19th amendment: Women Allowed to vote (1920)
-24th amendment: No Poll Tax (southeastern states went around the 15th amendment)

Poll is the place you go to vote
Southern states discouraged blacks from voting by charging them money to vote

-26th amendment: voting age changed to 18

Election laws in the constitution since the founding
Election laws
*12th amendment: separate voting for the vice president and vice president
-this is in response to the rise in political parties
(previous to this, the person who had 2nd place in presidential election becomes vice-president)
Now, your president and vice-president votes are together (instead of 2nd place thing...)
-20th: executive office starts jan20 instead of march 4 (shortens the lame duck period)
*22nd executive restricted to 2 terms
-25th vice pres takes over

[group work]

ask yourselves:
Federalists vs Republicans...
-Foreign Policy Issues:
-Should the US support Britain or France?
-How should the party respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts?
-Federal Union (National vs. State Governments)
-How should parties? respond to the Kentucky and Virginia resolutoins?
-Why was union so important?
--To Madison?
--To Washington?

please read:
Federalist
Foreign Policy
GW 376, 377, 379
GW 378
JM 150,148-149
Union: JM 224, 230-231
GW 368, 372,371

Republican
Foreign Policy
JM 125-126
JM 150-151,221
Union:
JM 151-153
-----------

[result]
Federalist Party view on Foreign Policy:
We support britain (a stable country), we are a producing nation, economic support
britain a great economic ally

Republican Party view on Foreign Policy:
We support france, they helped us in the revolution, britain is very controlling
We equate freedom/aid and help with france. We think about freedom of rights

Federalist Party view on [Union- Virginia and Kentucky resolutions]:
We are responsible for the alien and sedition acts
We are not happy with, Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, we are a union
National government should have more power than the state government
The state shouldn't have a right to nullify anything the national government

Republican Party view on [Union- Virginia and Kentucky resolutions]:
We are responsible for the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
We think the alien and sedition acts are unconstitutional
Think national government (union) is moving towards tyranny.

[this topic can be used to make a really good essay question]

Nov 1, 2006

OUTLINE

Politics as Usual

I. Structure and function of politics
  A. The necessity of consent
  B. Democratic and Elitist Impulses
    1. Filtered consent
    2. Democratic impulse
    
II. Elections
  A. Plurality vs. Majority
  
III. Why American has a two-party system
  A. Independent election of the president
  B. Single representative districts
  C. The weakness of political parties

IV. How the system influences politics
  A. Centrism vs extremism
    1. Negative ads

V. What makes Americans vote?

LECTURE NOTES

-at first representatives in government were not paid, and gave service out of civic virtue
-only people who could occupy an elected office are the wealthy who don't need to be paid

Filtered consent
constitution contains structures which allow opportunities for both the wealthy and the common man

Pure democracy
-everyone votes on every issue

Filtered democracy
-we vote for representatives (congress) and they vote on issues

Today:
House of representatives elected for 2 years only

House of representatives represent a small electoral district
Senate represents the whole nation
Executive represents the whole nation

Senators stay in office 6 years, (much more removed from people)
Originally state legislatures chose senators, now senators are chosen by direct election by the people

(over time this country moves away from an elitist model more towards a democratic model)

who votes for supreme court justice?
-the president nominates a supreme court justice, very much removed from people
-supreme court justices serve for life (or until they retire)

We are moving away from filtered consent,
[see slides for presidential election results by state 2000]

Electoral college

MEDIA CLIP: explains electoral college
-electoral college explained
-needed 270 electoral college votes to win in 2000
-it is possible for someone to win the popular vote but lose the electoral college vote
-if the electoral college ties, the congress (house of representatives) votes to break the tie

Democratic Impulse
Referendum
-recall elections - Gray Davis of CA (lost to arnold schwarzeneger)
Voter initiatives
-Utah's proposition 3 (transit tax)
Efforts to dismantle electoral college

Who is running for the senate seat in utah?
Orin Hatch Pete Ashcroft are running for senator in utah

Presidental Election, 1860
(lincoln running against douglas, bell and others)

Majority 50.00001% or more
Plurality winnning by have the largest percentage of vote, though not a majority

Why America has a 2 party system
-Independent election of the president
-Single representative districts
-Weak political parties

MEDIA CLIP: Parliamentary system in Israel
-tiny radical parties hold political sway

america votes for the person and not the party
american is a centrist and non-extremist political system

MEDIA CLIP: spoof, moving towards the middle
-SNL spoof, George W. Bush and father talking about how to dance over to the middle
-slip slide, avoid questions, sneaky, be vague

In american politics a politician will usually portray himself as moderate and his opponent as an extremist.

MEDIA CLIP: jibjab: bush vs Kerry
-Bush portrays Kerry as extremist, and portrays self as middle of road guy
-Kerry portrays Bush as extremist, and portrays self as middle of road guy

John Quincy Adams vs Andrew Jackson
same thing, portraying the other as extremist

What makes americans vote?

[class discussion]